Frequency of stress dosing and adrenal crisis in paediatric and adult patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) require life-long glucocorticoid replacement, including stress dosing (SD). This study prospectively assessed adrenal crisis (AC) incidence, frequency, and details of SD and disease knowledge in adult and paediatric patients and their parents. DESIGN: Prospective, observational study. METHODS: Data on AC and SD were collected via a patient diary. In case of AC, medical records were reviewed and patient interviews conducted. Adherence to sick day rules of the German Society of Endocrinology (DGE) and disease knowledge using the German version of the CAH knowledge assessment questionnaire (CAHKAQ) were assessed. RESULTS: In 187 adult patients, the AC incidence was 8.4 per 100 patient years (py) and 5.1 in 100 py in 38 children. In adults, 195.4 SD episodes per 100 py were recorded, in children 169.7 per 100 py. In children 72.3% and in adults 34.8%, SD was performed according to the recommendations. Children scored higher on the CAHKAQ than adults (18.0 [1.0] vs 16.0 [4.0]; P = .001). In adults, there was a positive correlation of the frequency of SD and the incidence of AC (r = .235, P = .011) and CAHKAQ score (r = .233, P = .014), and between the incidence of AC and CAHKAQ (r = .193, P = .026). CONCLUSION: The AC incidence and frequency of SD in children and adults with CAH are high. In contrast to the paediatric cohort, the majority of SD in adults was not in accordance with the DGE recommendations, underlining the need for structured and repeated education of patients with particular focus on transition.

Giant Bilateral Adrenal Myelolipomas in a Non-Compliant Patient with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND 21-hydroxylase deficiency, an essential enzyme for glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid synthesis, is the cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in more than 95% of cases. It is an autosomal recessive disorder encoded by the CYP21A2 gene, categorized into classical forms, which encompass the salt-wasting (SW) and simple virilizing (SV) forms, as well as the nonclassical form (NC). The aim of medical treatment is to replace missing glucocorticoids and, if necessary, mineralocorticoids, while also reducing elevated adrenal androgens. CASE REPORT We present the case of a 42-year-old woman with CAH who discontinued therapy during adolescence and was admitted to hospital with fatigue, nausea, and severe abdominal pain. A CT scan showed an extreme enlargement of the adrenal glands. Laboratory tests revealed elevated levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone and other adrenal androgens, along with normal plasma metanephrine levels. Decreased morning cortisol levels suggested partial adrenal insufficiency requiring glucocorticoid replacement therapy. Due to the development of several serious complications and clinical deterioration, the multidisciplinary team recommended bilateral removal of masses measuring 300×250×200 mm on the right side and 250×200×200 mm on the left side. Histological and immunochemical examination confirmed the presence of giant myelolipomas with adrenal cortex hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS Adrenal tumors, particularly myelolipomas, have a higher prevalence in patients with CAH. Our case report provides further evidence of the suspected link between non-compliant CAH therapy and the development of myelolipomas, along with promotion of their pronounced growth.

Prevalence of endocrine disorders in 304 premenopausal women referred with oligomenorrhoea.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to evaluate 304 premenopausal women admitted to our clinic for oligomenorrhoea, and to screen for Cushing's syndrome (CS) in this population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 304 premenopausal women referred to our clinic for oligomenorrhoea. Anthropometric measurements and Ferriman-Gallwey score were evaluated, and thyroid hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), total testosterone, prolactin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S), and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) levels were measured in all patients. If basal 17-OHP was > 2 ng/mL, we evaluated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-stimulated 17-OHP levels. CS was screened by 1 mg-dexamethasone suppression test, and if the cortisol value was > 1.8 µg/dL, we performed additional confirmatory tests, and if necessary, pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) were performed. RESULTS: The most common cause of oligomenorrhoea was polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) that was detected in 81.57% of cases, followed by hyperprolactinemia at 7.23% and hypothalamic anovulation at 5.26%. The prevalence of premature ovarian failure (POF) was 1.6%, and non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCAH) was 1.97%. CS was detected in 7 (2.30%) patients. All the patients with CS were found to have Cushing's disease (CD). Although 3 patients with CD had classical signs and symptoms, 4 had none. Patients with CD had similar total testosterone values to those in the PCOS and NCAH groups, but they had significantly higher DHEA-S compared to both groups (CD vs. PCOS, p = 0.001 and CD vs. NCAH, p = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS: We found higher prevalence of CS in patients with oligomenorrhoea even in the absence of clinical signs. Therefore, we suggest routine screening for CS during the evaluation of patients with oligomenorrhoea and/or PCOS. The likelihood of CS is greater in patients with high androgen, especially DHEA-S levels.

Outcomes of one-stage feminizing genitoplasty in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and severe virilization.

PURPOSE: To present our surgical experience and outcomes in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) patients with severe virilization using a combined technique of total urogenital mobilization (TUM) and a modified pull-through vaginoplasty to perform a safe and effective one-stage feminizing genital reconstruction for these children. METHODS: Fourteen CAH patients with severe virilization, defined by a Prader IV and V rating of the external genitalia, underwent TUM followed by a limited vaginal pull-through procedure from June 2016 to December 2020. Postoperative anatomical and cosmetic outcomes, and urinary continence, were evaluated. RESULTS: Out of the 14 cases in this study, 8 were classified as prader IV and 6 as Prader V. The median age at surgery was 11 months (range 6-36 months), and the mean urethral length was 1.4 cm (range 1.2-1.8 cm). The median follow-up period was 4 years. Our cosmetic outcomes were good in 11 (78.5%), satisfactory in 2, and poor in one case. All patients achieved age-appropriate toilet training without urinary incontinence. CONCLUSION: Adopting our surgical approach of TUM with modified pull-through vaginoplasty has simplified feminizing surgical reconstruction in CAH cases with severe genital atypia and a very high vaginal confluence with short urethral length, yielding adequate introitus with good anatomical and cosmetic appearance and adequate urinary continence outcomes.

Familial bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia due to a novel ARMC 5 germline mutation: Clinical status and possible association with other neoplasms.

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES: Mutations in the ARMC5 (armadillo repeat containing 5, OMIM 615549) gene, a putative tumor suppressor gene, have recently been identified as a common cause of sporadic and familial bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (BMAH). Familial BMAH is thought to be caused by two mutations, one germline and the other somatic, as suggested by the 2-hit theory. The objective is to describe a new mutation and develop its clinical characteristics and implications. METHODS, RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We present an affected family with 11 members carrying a novel mutation of the ARMC5 gene (NM_001288767.1): c.2162T>C p. (Leu721Pro). Two of the carriers developed clinical Cushing's syndrome (CS), two mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS) and one presented with autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS). Four patients developed other tumors, three of whom died from this cause. It is not known whether these tumors could be related to the described mutation.

Testicular tumours in adrenogenital syndrome.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) arises from genetic enzyme defects, often in CYP21A2, causing primary adrenal insufficiency. In this case report, a man in his late 20s with lifelong CAH faced challenges in adhering to medication. Suboptimal treatment led to the development of testicular adrenal rest tumours, diagnosed by ultrasound, and hypogonadism. Enhanced adherence restored hormone levels, promoting eugonadism. Adherence plays a crucial role in diminishing tumour size and preventing complications, potentially necessitating orchiectomy in severe cases.

Cushing's syndrome diagnosed incidentally on CT imaging.

In this case report, we describe an uncommon presentation of Cushing's syndrome in a patient in their 60s who presented to the emergency department with left-sided chest pain. The initial workup for the patient was unremarkable except for an elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting plasma glucose. A CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis was performed, demonstrating a splenic artery thrombus with multiple splenic infarcts, in addition to a combination of macronodular adrenal hyperplasia, bilateral gynecomastia, centripetal fat distribution and suspected mild bone demineralisation. Adrenocorticotropic hormone-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia, a rare aetiology responsible for Cushing's syndrome, was raised as a potential unifying diagnosis for the patient's hypercoagulable status, which was subsequently confirmed on an endocrinological investigation. The case report underscores the importance of communicating clinically relevant details to the imaging specialist in combination with considering a broad differential, including endocrine disorders, when evaluating an undifferentiated patient with atypical imaging findings.

Ovarian reserve and fertility parameters in post-pubertal females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by impaired activity of the enzyme required for cortisol and aldosterone production, resulting in increased adrenal androgen synthesis. Factors affecting fertility in CAH patients include ambiguous genitalia and their complications, excessive androgen secretion, adrenal progesterone hypersecretion, and various psychosocial factors. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) level is used to assess ovarian reserve in women. A few data on serum AMH levels in CAH patients are available in the literature. The aim of the study was to evaluate ovarian reserve in a group of post-menarche females diagnosed with CAH by measuring serum AMH level and assessing the number of antral follicles sonographically. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted on 17 post-pubertal CAH females and 17 age-matched healthy female controls; the mean age of the patient group was 15.09 ± 3.55 years ranging from 11 to 24 years, while the mean age of the control group was 16.04 ± 3.72 years ranging from 12 to 25 years, the mean post-menarchal age of the patients group was 3.29 ± 1.37 years ranging from 1 to 6 years while the mean post-menarchal age of the control group was 4.13 ± 1.62 years ranging from 1 to 9 years. The degree of hirsutism was compared between the two groups according to the modified Ferriman-Gallwey score, clitoral length was assessed using a digital caliber. Serum levels of adrenal androgens in addition to basal levels of serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, progesterone, and serum AMH were measured in both groups. RESULTS: Patients had smaller uterine volumes, and smaller ovarian volumes but a comparable number of antral follicles and comparable serum AMH levels relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS: Good compliance with treatment in patients with CAH results in good hormonal control, low risk of PCOS, good fertility parameters, and a good ovarian reserve.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia complicated by gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty.

Precocious puberty, characterised by the early appearance of secondary sexual characteristics, poses challenges in diagnosis and management. Here, we describe a case of precocious puberty diagnosed in a boy in middle childhood, who presented with progressive phallus enlargement, pubic hair development and increased aggressive behaviour. Hormonal evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), complicated by gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty. The case highlights the importance of assessment of testicular volume in a patient presenting with precocious puberty. Symmetrical testicular enlargement in a patient with CAH suggests premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The patient received glucocorticoid therapy to suppress androgen production related to CAH and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue therapy to control premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Follow-up visits showed regression of secondary sexual characteristics and improved growth velocity.

Course of COVID-19 infection in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Context: Patients with primary adrenal insufficiency due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are at risk for adrenal crisis during infectious illnesses. Increased risk of infection including COVID-19 has been variably reported. Objective: To evaluate COVID-19 illness outcomes and stress dose practices in a large cohort of patients with CAH during the first two years of the pandemic and compare observations of COVID-19 infection in patients with CAH to the general USA population. Methods: Between March 2020 and November 2022, patients with CAH followed at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center were queried about COVID-19 infection during their routine visits. Cases of COVID-19 were compared to controls. COVID-19 infection rates and symptoms were compared to general USA population data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Results: Of 168 patient visits, there were 54 (32%) cases of COVID-19 infection, and 15 (28%) were pediatric. Overall an association was found between acquiring COVID-19 and obesity (p=0.018), and adults acquiring COVID-19 were on lower doses of fludrocortisone (p=0.008). Fewer cases of COVID-19 infection were reported in those receiving hydrocortisone or modified-release hydrocortisone compared to longer acting glucocorticoids (p=0.0018). In our CAH population, the pattern of COVID-19 infection rates and COVID-related symptomatology were similar to those observed in the general USA population. Most patients with the presumed alpha variant reported anosmia and ageusia, while gastrointestinal symptoms were commonly reported during the delta and omicron waves. Stress dosing occurred in 30/54 cases, and 7 received parenteral hydrocortisone. Two hospitalizations occurred; one pediatric and one adult, both with co-morbidities. There were 5 emergency room visits and no reported deaths. Conclusion: Patients with CAH with close follow-up do not appear to be at increased risk of acquiring COVID-19 or to have a more severe course of COVID-19 compared to the general USA population. Obesity may increase risk of acquiring COVID-19 in patients with CAH, and overall infection risk may be lower in those receiving short-acting and circadian glucocorticoid replacement therapy. Established age-appropriate guidelines for stress dosing during infectious illnesses should be used for patients with CAH and COVID-19. COVID-19 specific guidelines are not indicated. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT00250159.

Disorders of Sex Development: Experience at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh.

In newborns, it is an emergency to decide the appropriate sex for rearing and eventual prevention associated metabolic disturbances. The birth of a baby with ambiguous genitalia inevitably precipitates a crisis for the baby and its family. This retrospective analysis of hospital data was designed to determine the chromosomal and etiological diagnosis of children presented with suspected disorders of sex development (DSD) according to the newer DSD consensus document. We retrospectively analyzed the available medical records of all patients admitted into the inpatient departments of Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2014 to December 2019, and all patients with the diagnosis of DSD in the hospital record were initially selected for the study. A total of 60 admitted cases with a disorder of sex development were classified according to the new DSD classification. 46XX DSD were 63.3% (n=38), 46XY DSD were 33.3% (n=20), sex chromosome DSD were 3.3% (n=2). Among 38 cases of 46XX DSD, the most common cause was congenital adrenal hyperplasia (97.0%, n=37), one was 46XX testicular DSD. However, among 46XY DSD cases, partial androgen insensitivity/5α-reductase deficiency (50.0%, n=10) was most common disorder. Other causes of 46XY DSD included congenital adrenal hyperplasia (20.0%, n=4), testosterone synthesis defect (20.0%, n=4), testicular regression syndrome (n=1) and persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (n=1). Sex chromosome disorders are mixed gonadal dysgenesis (n=1), chimeric ovotesticular DSD (n=1). In this study, 46XX DSD was the commonest of all, showing the predominance of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, especially salt-losing type. Early detection and prompt treatment may help reduce mortality and morbidity from these acute life-threatening conditions.

Dexamethasone for postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis in cesarean delivery and a delayed diagnosis of neonatal congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

The case of a false-negative newborn screen for congenital adrenal hyperplasia in a 37 weeks' gestation 46,XX neonate, thought to be due to maternal administration of dexamethasone intra-operatively prior to umbilical cord clamping, for postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis after neuraxial anesthesia, is described.

Predictors of Cardiovascular Morbidities in Adults With 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.

CONTEXT: The prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic complications among adults with 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) is unknown. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic morbidities among adults with 21OHD and to identify clinical factors and biomarkers associated with cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS: A 10-year retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted on adult patients with confirmed 21OHD, aged 18 to 70 years, who had at least one clinical visit for assessment at the University of Michigan. The presence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and other metabolic comorbidities was extracted from medical records based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes. Medical treatments, glucocorticoid (GC) and mineralocorticoid doses, as well as specific biomarkers of disease control since age 18, were collected for analysis. RESULTS: A total of 254 patients with 21OHD, median age of 35 years (interquartile range, 28.25-46 y), were included in the analysis. The prevalence of CVDs in the entire cohort was 7.5%. An increase in prevalence was seen from early adulthood, reaching 25% in patients older than 60 years. Increasing age (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.09), hypertension (OR, 4.27; 95% CI, 1.41-12.92), and higher GC doses (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.11-2.06) were significantly associated with prevalent CVDs. Higher plasma renin activity was significantly associated with CVDs (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01-1.15) but not other biochemical markers of disease. CONCLUSION: Cardiometabolic morbidities are prevalent among adults with 21OHD. Hypertension, age, and GC exposure are the main predictive factors of established CVDs in our cohort.

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Therapy and Longitudinal Bone Mineral Density in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.

CONTEXT: Children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are at risk for early puberty. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (GnRHa) is frequently used and can decrease bone mineral density (BMD). OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate the effect of GnRHa therapy on BMD in a longitudinal study of patients with CAH spanning both childhood and adulthood. DESIGN AND SETTING: Sixty-one patients with classic CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (20 treated with GnRHa) were followed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans at puberty onset, attainment of adult height, and during early adulthood. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Whole body, lumbar spine, femoral neck, total hip, and distal radius BMD z-score at adult height. Longitudinal BMD and adult height were also assessed. RESULTS: Twenty patients received GnRHa for an average of 4.5 ± 2 years. There were no differences in BMD between GnRHa-treated and -untreated groups at adult height for all sites. Overall, the follow-up DXA during early adulthood showed decreases in BMD z-scores for whole body (P = .01), lumbar spine (P < .0001), femoral neck (P = .06), total hip (P = .009), and distal radius (P = .05). GnRHa treatment correlated with improved height outcomes compared to predicted height at puberty onset after adjusting for midparental height (P = .02). Patients in both groups achieved similar adult height. CONCLUSION: In children with CAH, GnRHa does not compromise BMD. However, BMD decreases with time and during the second and third decades of life is a possible effect of chronic supraphysiologic glucocorticoids. Children with CAH who experience early puberty benefit from GnRHa treatment as evidenced by the positive effect on height.

Clinical Features of Unrecognized Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 17α-hydroxylase Deficiency Since Adolescence: A Case Report.

The majority of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) present with a deficiency of 21-hydroxylase or 11-beta-hydroxylase, which account for 90% and 7% of cases, respectively. However, CAH due to 17α-hydroxylase deficiency (17OHD) is an extremely rare form of CAH (<1% of all CAH cases) that leads to a deficiency of cortisol and sex steroids, along with features of aldosterone excess. This is a case of a 51-year-old single female who was referred to us for the evaluation of new-onset hypertension and hypokalaemia of one-year duration. She was born out of a second-degree consanguineous marriage and reared as a female. She was diagnosed to have testicular feminization syndrome when she presented with a history of primary amenorrhea, absence of secondary sexual characteristics, and bilateral labial swellings at pubertal age. Subsequently, she underwent gonadectomy at the age of 16. Due to the presence of hypertension, metabolic alkalosis and bilaterally enlarged adrenals on CT scan, 46, XY disorders of sexual development (DSD) was considered. A karyotype confirmed the presence of 46, XY chromosomal sex, and genetic analysis revealed a mutation in the CYP17A1 gene, thus confirming the diagnosis of 17α-hydroxylase deficiency.

Restoration of reproductive capacity in a male patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and bilateral testicular adrenal rest tumors (TARTs) after six months of glucocorticoid intensification: A case report.

RATIONALE: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is considered one of the most common inherited disorders. In about more than 95% of all CAH cases, the deficient enzyme is 21-hydroxylase. Infertility is an important complication of this disease, and although this topic has been studied more frequently in females, cases, and literature reviews of the causes of infertility in male patients are constantly increasing. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 28 old male with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (we assume to be a nonclassical type) presented to our institution with infertility and suspected bilateral testicular masses after 4 years of stopping dexamethasone. DIAGNOSIS: Testicular adrenal rest tumors. INTERVENTIONS: Dexamethasone was reapplied in a supraphysiologic dose (1.5 mg before bedtime) with periodic monitoring of the patient. OUTCOMES: Treatment with supraphysiologic dose of dexamethasone led to regression of these tumors and significant improvement in sperm count, resulting in being capable of having a child. LESSONS: There are many suspected causes of reduced male fertility in male CAH patients and the presence of testicular adrenal rest tumors is the main cause of infertility in this population. These benign tumors are believed to arise from ectopic adrenal cells in the testes, that grow under adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation in poorly controlled patients. Annual scrotal ultrasound is recommended in all males with CAH for detection and treatment of these tumors as early as possible before they cause permanent damage to the seminiferous tubules and irreversible infertility.

A prospective study on disorders of sex development in Duhok city, Kurdistan region, Iraq: Genetic, etiology and clinical presentation.

Disorders of Sexual Development (DSD) encompass all types of intersex cases and have been reported globally. However, in Iraq, studies related to DSD are scanty.  The current single-center prospective study was carried out to find out the frequency, genetic and clinical presentation of different types of DSDs in the sample population of Duhok, Iraq. The sample comprises 40 DSD patients who have been referred to Hivi Pediatric Teaching Hospital in Duhok, Kurdistan region, Iraq, from June 2017 to June 2022. We conducted karyotype-based classification, laparoscopic-based internal organ diagnosis and abdominal ultrasound to diagnose DSDs in the target population. Of the total 40 cases, 19 (47.5%) were males, and 21 (52.5%) were females. Among them, 85 % were diagnosed as peno- scrotal hypospadias, 10% had clitoromegaly and the remaining were diagnosed as under-developed female-like genitalia. The majority of the patients were diagnosed with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) (55%), 37.5% were Testicular Feminization Syndrome (TFS) and the remaining were rare categories that we did not reach final diagnosis. Laparoscopy was done for 77.5 % of the participants of whom 30% had small uterus and ovaries, 25% had Intra-abdominal testes and the remaining had testes &ovaries, Mullerian Inhibitory Factor (MIF) deficiency and TFS. The study found different types of DSDs in the target population that requires both physical and psychological intervention. Future studies should focus on evaluating DSDs in larger populations and at multi-centers to understand the condition's trajectory in the Iraqi population.

Cardiovascular risk in Cuban adolescents and young adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND: Hyperandrogenism and supraphysiologic glucocorticoid replacement may lead to subclinical atherosclerosis in people with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and predispose the development of cardiovascular diseases from an early age. OBJECTIVES: To determine if cardiometabolic risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis are more frequent in patients with CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) and if there is an association with clinical, hormonal and treatment of 21OHD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive prospective cross-sectional study exploring clinical variables, biochemical, hormonal variables, endothelial dysfunction (flow-mediated dilation < 5%) and carotid intima media thickness (≥ 95 percentile in adolescents and ≥ 75 percentile in adults) and epicardial fat. Adolescents and young patients with 21OHD were compared with controls matched by age, sex, body mass index and Tanner stage. RESULTS: Forty four subjects (22 with CAH), 36 (82%) females, with a mean age of 17.1 ± 5.5 years (range 10-30 years) were included. Family history revealed diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia with high frequencies in both groups. The blood pressure was similar in both groups. Blood glucose levels were lower and triglycerides higher in patient (both p < 0.01). Epicardial fat was similar between groups and in patients with CAH it was related to cholesterol levels ​​(r = 0.679, p < 0.01), time since CAH diagnosis (r = 0.462, p = 0.03) and glucocorticoid dose (r = 0.499, p = 0.04). Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) had a tendency to be increased in patients (p = 0.07) and was directly related to 17-hydroxyprogesterone (r = 0.510, p = 0.018), diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.444, p = 0.04) and the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index (r = 0.507, p = 0.01). Endothelial dysfunction was not different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Some cardiometabolic risk factors were increased in patients with CAH and were associated with clinical, hormonal and treatment parameters of CAH. Cardiometabolic risk should be evaluated regularly in patients with CAH.